Hilmar Lapp
Axioms under the namespace of this ontology are released under the Creative Commons Zero 1.0 public domain waiver. Terms and axioms imported from other sources are under the licenses of the vocabularies they are defined in (see rdfs:isDefinedBy annotations).
Ontology for Taxon Concepts And Names
Generated by ROBOT version 1.8.1 from tcan.ofn
The Ontology for Taxon Concepts And Names (TCAN) is an application ontology for expressing, matching, and resolving taxon concepts and their names as encountered in the wild, such as in publications, taxon mentions, clade definitions, etc. One of the key use cases for which it is being developed is for expressing and matching specifiers (in essence taxon concepts) used in clade definitions.
The TCAN ontology is a synthesis of a variety of relevant vocabularies and ontologies, including in particular the TDWG TaxonName, TaxonConcept, and DarwinCore vocabularies; the NOMEN ontology (SpeciesFileGroup); the OpenBiodiv Ontology (Pensoft); and the Comparative Data Analysis Ontology (CDAO).
One of the express design goals of TCAN is to avoid as much as possible creating new terms, whether classes or properties. Hence, there will be few if any terms here that are not already present in its source vocabularies. Instead, TCAN considers its added value in the following.
(1) Provide an ontology for its application domain that stands on its own, meaning all necessary axioms are either directly included, or are imported from locations that resolve automatically and reliably.
(2) Select subsets suitable for its application domain from each source vocabulary, and drop extraneous axioms and annotations.
(3) Apply error corrections and replace non-standard annotation properties with standard ones. Ensure there are no parse nor reasoner errors.
(4) Supplement subclass, type, class expression and other axioms to promote alignment and interoperability between the source ontologies.
(5) Ensure expressivity is at least within the OWL-DL, and ideally within the OWL-EL profile.
synonym
abbreviation
The reference to the source in which the specific taxonomic
concept circumscription is defined or implied - traditionally signified by
the Latin 'sensu' or 'sec.'' (from secundum, meaning 'according to').
For taxa that are relevantly circumscribed by identifications, a reference
to the keys, monographs, experts and other sources should be given. Should
only be used with IRI's
This is a uni-directional property. Its meaning
is that one Linnaean name links to a different Linnaean name via the
usage of this property, then the object name is more accurate and should be
preferred given the information that system currently holds. This property is only
defined for Linnaean names.
has replacement name
has scientific name
has taxon concept label
has taxonomic name
the IRI version of dwc:nameAccordingTo
name according to
the IRI version of dwc:scientificName
scientific name
Information about the authorship of this concept which uses the Name in their
sense (i.e. secundum, sensu). Could be an institution or collection or team of individuals.
Equivalent to TCS /DataSet/TaxonConcepts/TaxonConcept/AccordingTo/AccordingToDetailed
according to
The TaxonName for this concept. Equivalent to TCS
/DataSet/TaxonConcepts/TaxonConcept/Name
Has Name
No equivalent in TCS but is inverse of ScientificName/Basionym
Relationship between a basionym and a new combination of the name.
Basionym For
ScientificName/Basionym
The basionym of this name if it is a new combination. The current name is a recombination (comb. nov.) of the name pointed to and the name pointed to is not, itself, a
recombination.
Has Basionym
ScientificName@nomenclaturalCode
The nomenclatural code that governs a taxon name or rank. By definition all taxon names are governed by one of the codes of nomenclature. These include ICBN, ICZN, ICNCP and others.
Nomenclatural Code
ScientificName/Rank/@code
The taxonomic rank of this name. This is a link to an instance of TaxonomicRank. Compare with the rankString property.
Rank
The name that is the type. TaxonNames at ranks above species level are typified by the NAME of a lower taxon. Ultimately, by following the chain of type names, all names resolve to
a type species and so a type specimen. This property is mutually exclusive with typeSpecimen. A name can't have both. Equivalent to TCS ScientificName/Typification/TypeName.
Type Name
The kind of type this specimen is e.g. paratype, isotype, holotype etc. Types can be of different kinds. Equivalent to TCS
ScientificName/Typification/TypeVouchers/TypeVoucher@typeOfType
Type of Type
The specimen that is the type. TaxonNames at ranks of family and below are typified by a specimen. This property is mutually exclusive with typeName. Equivalent to TCS
ScientificName/Typification/TypeVouchers/TypeVoucher
Type Specimen
ScientificName/Typification
A NomenclaturalType that typifies this name. An instance of NomenclaturalType that contains a type specimen or name for this name. See also note with NomenclaturalType class. See
also the typificationString property.
Typified By
Abstract term to attribute information to a source.
According To
Example: "McCranie, J. R., D. B. Wake, and L. D. Wilson. 1996. The taxonomic status of Bolitoglossa schmidti, with comments on the biology of the Mesoamerican salamander Bolitoglossa dofleini (Caudata: Plethodontidae). Carib. J. Sci. 32:395-398.", "Werner Greuter 2008", "Lilljeborg 1861, Upsala Univ. Arsskrift, Math. Naturvet., pp. 4, 5"
The reference to the source in which the specific taxon concept circumscription is defined or implied - traditionally signified by the Latin "sensu" or "sec." (from secundum, meaning "according to"). For taxa that result from identifications, a reference to the keys, monographs, experts and other sources should be given.
Name According To
Examples: "Coleoptera" (order), "Vespertilionidae" (family), "Manis" (genus), "Ctenomys sociabilis" (genus + specificEpithet), "Ambystoma tigrinum diaboli" (genus + specificEpithet + infraspecificEpithet), "Roptrocerus typographi (Györfi, 1952)" (genus + specificEpithet + scientificNameAuthorship), "Quercus agrifolia var. oxyadenia (Torr.) J.T. Howell" (genus + specificEpithet + taxonRank + infraspecificEpithet + scientificNameAuthorship)
The full scientific name, with authorship and date information if known. When forming part of an Identification, this should be the name in lowest level taxonomic rank that can be determined. This term should not contain identification qualifications, which should instead be supplied in the IdentificationQualifier term.
Has Scientific Name
ScientificName/CanonicalAuthorship/Simple
The full author string used for this name. The full code-appropriate author team string for this name at this rank. Use this property for all names including both original
combinations and new combinations of bi and trinomial names (where some of the authors may be in brackets). If the TaxonName instance contains any details about authorship a representation of
them should be included in this property.
Authorship
ScientificName/CanonicalName/CultivarNameGroup
The cultivar or related name governed by ICNCP. The name of the Cultivar, Cultivar Group, grex, convar or graft chimera under the International Code for the Nomenclature of
Cultivated Plants. Only include here the string of the name. i.e. omit the single quotes around cultivar names, the word Group that denotes cultivar group and the + sign used in chimeras.
These symbols can be added in later on the basis of the rank of the name. For example the use of the word 'Group' is language dependent.
Cultivar Name or Cultivar Group Name
ScientificName/CanonicalName/Genus
The genus part of a bi or trinomial name. The name of the genus for names below the rank of genus. This property should not be used for names at and above the rank of genus. For
names at and above genus rank the uninomial property should be used.
Genus Part
ScientificName/CanonicalName/InfragenericEpithet
The infrageneric part of a binomial name at ranks above species but below genus. Names at ranks between species and genus are composed of two words; the genus and this
infrageneric epithet. This property should therefore always be accompanied by the genusPart property. If the infragenericEpithet property is present the uninomial, infraspecificEpithet,
specificEpithet and subspecificEpithet properties should be absent.
Infrageneric Epithet
ScientificName/CanonicalName/InfraspecificEpithet
The infraspecific epithet part of a trinomial name below the rank of species. Names at ranks below species are composed of three words; the genus epithet, the specific epithet and
an infraspecific epithet. This property should therefore always be accompanied by the genusPart property and a specificEpithet property. If the specificEpithet property is present the
uninomial and infragenusPart properties should be absent.
Infraspecific Epithet
ScientificName/CanonicalName/Simple
The complete uninomial, binomial or trinomial name without any authority or year components. Every TaxonName should have a DublinCore:title property that contains the complete
name string including authors and year (where appropriate).
Name Complete
ScientificName/Rank
The taxonomic rank of this name as a string. A string representation of the rank of this name. It is highly recommended that the rank property be used along with this one unless
the correct rank is not available in the rank vocabulary.
Rank String
ScientificName/CanonicalName/SpecificEpithet
The specific epithet part of a binomial or trinomial name at or below the rank of species. Names at ranks of species and below are composed of two or three words; the genus
epithet, the specific epithet and possibly an infraspecific epithet. This property should therefore always be accompanied by the genusPart property. If the specificEpithet property is present
the uninomial and infragenericEpithet properties should be absent.
Specific Epithet
ScientificName/Typification/Simple
A string representing the typification of this name. See also the typifiedBy property.
Typified String
ScientificName/CanonicalName/Uninomial
Family, genus, infrafamilial, suprafamilial or other uninomial name. This property should be used for any 'single word' names. These include Family, genus, infrafamilial, and
suprafamilial names. Note that this property should be used for Genus names. The genus field should only be used for names below rank of genus.
Uninomial
ScientificName/Year
The year of publication of this name. This is the year this name was published. If it is a new combination of the name then it is the year of publication of the combination not
the basionym. It should be the same as the year given in the publishedIn property. In zoology the place of first publication of a new combination is rarely given as it is not considered a
nomenclatural act unless it leads to homonymy. For new combinations of names in zoology it may therefore be inappropriate to supply this property or the publishedIn, combintationAuthorship or
combintationAuthorTeam properties. The main role of this property is to aid disambiguation where author strings may be confusing. This property is not restricted to a date type as feedback
from TCS suggested that this restriction was inappropriate.
Publication Year
Scientific Name
A taxonomic concept in the sense of Berendsohn
A taxon concept label is a taxonomic name
usage accompanied by an additional part, consisting of 'sec.' + an identifier
or a literature reference of a work containing the expression of a taxon concept
(treatment).
Taxon Concept Label
Biological Name
Taxonomic Name
Vernacular Name
TU
ICZN nonorder
ICN autonym
ICN subdivision of species and infraspecies
ICN validly published name
invalidum
ICN invalidly published name
nom. cons.
ICN conserved name
ICN correct name
ICN incorrect name
ICN incorrect original spelling
ICN superfluous
ICN homonym
pro syn.
ICN as synonym
orth. cons.
ICN conserved spelling
ICZN excluded
nomenclatural rank
The name that identifies a thing.
name
The name that identifies a biological thing.
biological name
above nomenclatural codes
empire
domain
scientific name
common name
vernacular name
ICZN homonym
ICZN fossil
ICN hybrid
ICN fossil
ICNP nomenclatural rank
ICNP above family-group
ICNP family-group
ICNP genus-group
ICNP species-group
ICNP species
ICNP subspecies
ICNP genus
ICNP subgenus
ICNP family
ICNP subfamily
ICNP tribe
ICNP subtribe
ICNP order
ICNP suborder
ICNP class
ICNP subclass
ICNP kingdom
ICNP phylum
ICNP effectively published name
ICNP not effectively published name
ICNP invalidly published name
ICNP validly published name
ICNP illegitimate name
ICNP legitimate name
ICNP correct name
ICNP incorrect name
ICNP nomen novum
ICNP nomen nudum
ICNP homonym
ICNP candidatus
ICNP rejected
The biological name that is applicable to animals.
ICZN name
The biological name that is applicable to algae, fungi, or plants.
ICN name
The biological name that is applicable to bacteria.
ICNP name
The biological name that is applicable to viruses.
ICTV name
ICTV nomenclatural rank
ord.
ICTV order
fam.
ICTV family
subfam.
ICTV subfamily
gen.
ICTV genus
sp.
ICTV species
ICTV valid
ICTV invalid
ICTV accepted
ICTV unaccepted
ICZN nomen inquirendum
ICZN unavailable
ICZN non binomial
nom. nud.
ICZN nomen nudum
ICZN hypothetical concept
ICZN name for teratological specimen
ICZN name for hybrid
ICZN temporary name
unpublished work
ICZN not for nomenclature
ICZN infrasubspecific
ICZN not Latin
ICZN based on fossil genus formula
leipoprotograph
nothograph
ICZN incorrect original spelling
ICZN available
ICZN valid
ICZN nomen dubium
ICZN invalid
ICZN nomenclatural rank
ICZN family-group
ICZN epifamily
fam.
ICZN family
ICZN infrafamily
subfam.
ICZN subfamily
ICZN supersubsubfamily
subtr.
ICZN subtribe
superfam.
ICZN superfamily
supertr.
ICZN supertribe
tr.
ICZN tribe
ICZN genus-group
gen.
ICZN genus
ICZN supergenus
ICZN infragenus
sgen.
ICZN subgenus
ICZN species-group
sp.
ICZN species
ICZN superspecies
ICZN supersuperspecies
ICZN subsuperspecies
subsp.
ICZN subspecies
ICZN above family-group
ICZN class
ICZN cohort
ICZN infraclass
ICZN infrakingdom
ICZN infraorder
ICZN infraphylum
ICZN kingdom
ICZN magnorder
ICZN mirorder
ICZN order
ICZN phylum
ICZN subclass
ICZN parvorder
ICZN subkingdom
ICZN suborder
ICZN subphylum
ICZN superclass
ICZN supercohort
ICZN superkingdom
ICZN superorder
ICZN superphylum
ICN nomenclatural rank
ICN subdivision of family
familia
fam.
ICN family
subfamilia
subfam.
ICN subfamily
subtr.
ICN subtribe
tr.
ICN tribe
ICN subdivision of genus
gen.
ICN genus
sgen.
ICN subgenus
sectio
sect.
ICN section
ser.
ICN series
subsectio
subsect.
ICN subsection
subser.
ICN subseries
ICN subdivision above family
classis
cl.
ICN class
cohors, nixus, alliance, reihe, ordo
ord.
ICN order
division
ICN phylum
regnum
ICN kingdom
subclassis
ICN subclass
subordo
ICN suborder
Subdivision
ICN subphylum
subregnum
ICN subkingdom
sp.
ICN species
forma
f.
ICN form
subforma
subf.
ICN subform
subvarietas
subvar.
ICN subvariety
varietas
var.
ICN variety
subsp.
ICN subspecies
invalidum
ICN not effectively published name
nom.nud.
nudum
ICN nomen nudum
oppressa
ICN rejected publication
provisorium
ICN provisional name
ICN tautonym
ICN effectively published name
ICN legitimate name
ICN sanctioned name
ICN illegitimate name
nom. nov.
ICN nomen novum
ICN nothotaxon
A group of organisms (sensu http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026) considered by taxonomists to form a homogeneous unit.
Taxon
A class for which instances can be defined to create a controlled vocabulary for the nomenclatural codes. Equivalent to TCS NomenclaturalCodesEnum
Nomenclatural Code Term
A type name or specimen. Typification can be complex to represent. On the one hand a type is a property of a TaxonName that is created at the time the name is published. But it
needs to exist as a structure so that the type of type can be indicated. On the other hand a type can be the result of a later typification event - almost like a nomenclatural note. This
object can therefore be used in two ways. It can be the target of the 'type' property in a TaxonName object (in which case the typeOf property may be ommitted) or it can be used as a free
standing object with its own ID and the typeOf property used to indicate which TaxonName this is a type of - this is more likely scenario in a the case of a leptotypification event.
Equivalent to TCS ScientificName/Typification
Nomenclatural Type
A kind of nomenclatural type. Nomenclatural types can be of different kinds (or types) to indicate whether they are duplicates, replacements, related specimens etc. Instances of
this class describe kinds of nomenclatural types. Equivalent to TCS NomenclaturalTypeStatusOfUnitsEnum
Nomenclatural Type Type
ScientificName complexType
A scientific biological name. An object that represents a single scientific biological name that either is governed by or appears to be governed by one of the biological codes of
nomenclature. These are not taxa. Taxa, whether accepted or not, are represented by TaxonConcept objects.
Taxon Name
ICNP
International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes
ICNP
ICTV
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
ICTV
Allolectotype
A paralectotype specimen that is the opposite sex of the lectotype. The term is not regulated by the ICZN. [Zoo.]
Allolectotype
Alloneotype
A paraneotype specimen that is the opposite sex of the neotype. The term is not regulated by the ICZN. [Zoo.]
Alloneotype
Allotype
A paratype specimen designated from the type series by the original author that is the opposite sex of the holotype. The term is not regulated by the ICZN.
[Zoo.]
Allotype
Bacteriological
Rules that govern the naming of bacteria species
Bacteriological
Cotype
A deprecated term no longer recognized in the ICZN; formerly used for either syntype or paratype [see ICZN Recommendation 73E]. [Zoo.]
Cotype
Epitype
An epitype is a specimen or illustration selected to serve as an interpretative type when any kind of holotype, lectotype, etc. is demonstrably ambiguous and cannot be
critically identified for purposes of the precise application of the name of a taxon (see Art. ICBN 9.7, 9.18). An epitype supplements, rather than replaces existing types.
[Bot./Bio.]
Epitype
Ex-Epitype
A strain or cultivation derived from epitype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Bot.]
Ex-Epitype
Ex-Holotype
A strain or cultivation derived from holotype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.]
Ex-Holotype
Ex-Isotype
A strain or cultivation derived from isotype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.]
Ex-Isotype
Ex-Lectotype
A strain or cultivation derived from lectotype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.]
Ex-Lectotype
Ex-Neotype
A strain or cultivation derived from neotype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.]
Ex-Neotype
Ex-Paratype
A strain or cultivation derived from paratype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.]
Ex-Paratype
Ex-Syntype
A strain or cultivation derived from neotype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.]
Ex-Syntype
Ex-Type
A strain or cultivation derived from some kind of type material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.]
Ex-Type
Hapantotype
One or more preparations of directly related individuals representing distinct stages in the life cycle, which together form the type in an extant species of protistan [ICZN
Article 72.5.4]. A hapantotype, while a series of individuals, is a holotype that must not be restricted by lectotype selection. If an hapantotype is found to contain individuals of more than
one species, however, components may be excluded until it contains individuals of only one species [ICZN Article 73.3.2]. [Zoo.]
Hapantotype
Holotype
The one specimen or other element used or designated by the original author at the time of publication of the original description as the nomenclatural type of a species or
infraspecific taxon. A holotype may be 'explicit' if it is clearly stated in the originating publication or 'implicit' if it is the single specimen proved to have been in the hands of the
originating author when the description was published. [Zoo./Bot./Bio.]
Holotype
ICBN
ICN
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (f.k.a. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature)
ICN
ICN
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (f.k.a. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature)
ICNCP
International Code of Cultivated Plants
ICNCP
ICZN
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
ICZN
Iconotype
A drawing or photograph (also called 'phototype') of a type specimen. Note: the term "iconotype" is not used in the ICBN, but implicit in, e. g., ICBN Art. 7 and 38.
[Zoo./Bot.]
Iconotype
Isolectotype
A duplicate of a lectotype, compare lectotype. [Bot.]
Isolectotype
Isoneotype
A duplicate of a neotype, compare neotype. [Bot.]
Isoneotype
Isosyntype
A duplicate of a syntype, compare isotype = duplicate of holotype. [Bot.]
Isosyntype
Isotype
An isotype is any duplicate of the holotype (i. e. part of a single gathering made by a collector at one time, from which the holotype was derived); it is always a specimen
(ICBN Art. 7). [Bot.]
Isotype
Lectotype
A specimen or other element designated subsequent to the publication of the original description from the original material (syntypes or paratypes) to serve as nomenclatural
type. Lectotype designation can occur only where no holotype was designated at the time of publication or if it is missing (ICBN Art. 7, ICZN Art. 74). [Zoo./Bot.] -- Note: the BioCode
defines lectotype as selection from holotype material in cases where the holotype material contains more than one taxon [Bio.].
Lectotype
Neotype
A specimen designated as nomenclatural type subsequent to the publication of the original description in cases where the original holotype, lectotype, all paratypes and
syntypes are lost or destroyed, or suppressed by the (botanical or zoological) commission on nomenclature. In zoology also called "Standard specimen" or "Representative specimen".
[Zoo./Bot./Bio.]
Neotype
NotAType
For specimens erroneously labelled as types an explicit negative statement may be desirable. [General]
NotAType
Paralectotype
All of the specimens in the syntype series of a species or infraspecific taxon other than the lectotype itself. Also called "lectoparatype". [Zoo.]
Paralectotype
Paraneotype
All of the specimens in the syntype series of a species or infraspecific taxon other than the neotype itself. Also called "neoparatype". [Zoo.]
Paraneotype
Paratype
All of the specimens in the type series of a species or infraspecific taxon other than the holotype (and, in botany, isotypes). Paratypes must have been at the disposition of
the author at the time when the original description was created and must have been designated and indicated in the publication. Judgment must be exercised on paratype status, for only rarely
are specimens explicitly cited as paratypes, but usually as "specimens examined," "other material seen", etc. [Zoo./Bot.]
Paratype
Plastoholotype
A copy or cast of holotype material (compare Plastotype).
Plastoholotype
Plastoisotype
A copy or cast of isotype material (compare Plastotype).
Plastoisotype
Plastolectotype
A copy or cast of lectotype material (compare Plastotype).
Plastolectotype
Plastoneotype
A copy or cast of neotype material (compare Plastotype).
Plastoneotype
Plastoparatype
A copy or cast of paratype material (compare Plastotype).
Plastoparatype
Plastosyntype
A copy or cast of syntype material (compare Plastotype).
Plastosyntype
Plastotype
A copy or cast of type material, esp. relevant for fossil types. Not regulated by the botanical or zoological code (?). [Zoo./Bot.]
Plastotype
Secondary Type
A referred, described, measured or figured specimen in the original publication (including a neo/lectotypification publication) that is not a primary type. [Zoo.]
Secondary Type
Supplementary Type
A referred, described, measured or figured specimen in a revision of a previously described taxon. [Zoo.]
Supplementary Type
Syntype
One of the series of specimens used to describe a species or infraspecific taxon when neither a single holotype nor a lectotype has been designated. The syntypes collectively
constitute the name-bearing type. [Zoo./Bot.]
Syntype
Topotype
One or more specimens collected at the same location as the type series (type locality), regardless of whether they are part of the type series. Topotypes are not regulated by
the botanical or zoological code. Also called "locotype". [Zoo./Bot.]
Topotype
Type
a) A specimen designated or indicated any kind of type of a species or infraspecific taxon. If possible more specific type terms (holotype, syntype, etc.) should be applied. b)
the type name of a name of higher rank for taxa above the species rank. [General]
Type
Viral
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
Viral